List of common Chinese surnames
These are lists of the most common Chinese surnames in China (People's Republic of China), Taiwan (Republic of China), and the Chinese diaspora overseas as provided by authoritative government or academic sources. Chinese names also form the basis for many common Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese surnames and to an extent, Filipino surnames in both translation and transliteration into those languages.
The conception of China as consisting of the "old 100 families" (Chinese: 老百姓; pinyin: Lǎo Bǎi Xìng; lit. 'Old Hundred Surnames') is an ancient and traditional one, the most notable tally being the Song-era Hundred Family Surnames (Chinese: 百家姓; pinyin: Bǎi Jiā Xìng). Even today, the number of surnames in China is a little over 4,000,[1] while the year 2000 US census found there are more than 6.2 million surnames altogether[2] and that the number of surnames held by 100 or more Americans (per name) was just over 150,000.[3]
The Chinese expression "Three Zhang Four Li" (simplified Chinese: 张三李四; traditional Chinese: 張三李四; pinyin: Zhāng Sān Lǐ Sì) is used to mean "anyone" or "everyone",[4] but the most common surnames are currently Wang in mainland China[5] and Chen in Taiwan.[6] A commonly cited factoid from the 1990 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records estimated that Zhang was the most common surname in the world,[7] but no comprehensive information from China was available at the time and more recent editions have not repeated the claim. However, Zhang Wei (张伟) is the most common full name in mainland China.[8]
The top five surnames in China – Wang, Li, Zhang, Liu, Chen – are also the top five surnames in the world, each with over 70-100 million worldwide.
Greater China
[edit]China
[edit]This list of the 100 most common Chinese surnames derives from China's Ministry of Public Security's annual report on the top 100 surnames in China, with the latest report release in January 2020 for the year 2019.[9] When the 1982 Chinese census was first published, it did not include a list of top surnames. However, in 2004, the State Post Bureau subsequently used the census data to release a series of commemorative stamps in honor of the then-most-common surnames in 2004.[10][11]
The summary of the 2007 survey revealed China had approximately 92,881,000 Wangs (7.25% of the population), 92,074,000 Lees (7.19%), and 87,502,000 Zhangs (6.83%).[5]
A 2018 survey showed that Liu and Chen were the next most common China with more than 70 million each.[12]
These top five surnames – Wang, Lee(Li), Zhang, Liu, Chen – alone accounted for more people than Indonesia, the fourth most populous country in the world,[13] and their total number is around the population of the US, the third most populous country in the world.
The next five – Yang, Huang, Zhao, Wu, and Zhou – were each shared by more than 20 million Chinese. Twelve more – Xu, Sun, Ma, Zhu, Hu, Guo, He, Gao, Lin, Luo, Zheng, and Liang – were each shared by more than 10 million.
All together, the top hundred surnames accounted for 84.77% of China's population.[5][14] By way of comparison, the 2000 census found the most common surname in the United States – Smith – had fewer than 2.4 million occurrences and made up only 0.84% of the general population. The top 100 surnames accounted for only 16.4% of the US population,[3] and reaching 89.8% of the US population required more than 150,000 surnames.[2]
Surname list
[edit] | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: table is enormous, possibly unreadable on some devices. (March 2020) |
- Notes
- Other surveys
- 2006 multi-year survey and study conducted by Yuan Yida, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences's Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, using a sample size of 296 million spread across 1,110 counties and cities and recording around 4,100 surnames.[15]
- 1990: Ji Yuwen Publishing House, based on a sample size of 174,900.
- 1987 study conducted by Yuan Yida with a sample size of 570,000.
- 1977 study published by Li Dongming, a Chinese historian, as "Surname" (《姓》) in Dongfang Magazine.
400 character list
[edit]In 2013 the Fuxi Institution compiled a ranking of the 400 most common surnames in China.[16]
| Rank | Name | % of pop. | No. (10,000's) | Province with most |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 王 | 7.170% | 9520.00 | Henan |
| 2 | 李 | 7.000% | 9340.00 | Henan |
| 3 | 张 | 6.740% | 8960.00 | Henan |
| 4 | 刘 | 5.100% | 6770.00 | Shandong |
| 5 | 陈 | 4.610% | 6130.00 | Guangdong |
| 6 | 杨 | 3.220% | 4270.00 | Sichuan |
| 7 | 黄 | 2.450% | 3260.00 | Guangdong |
| 8 | 吴 | 2.000% | 2680.00 | Guangdong |
| 9 | 赵 | 2.000% | 2670.00 | Henan |
| 10 | 周 | 1.900% | 2520.00 | Hunan |
| 11 | 徐 | 1.450% | 1930.00 | Jiangsu |
| 12 | 孙 | 1.380% | 1830.00 | Shandong |
| 13 | 马 | 1.290% | 1720.00 | Henan |
| 14 | 朱 | 1.280% | 1700.00 | Jiangsu |
| 15 | 胡 | 1.160% | 1550.00 | Hubei |
| 16 | 林 | 1.130% | 1510.00 | Guangdong |
| 17 | 郭 | 1.130% | 1500.00 | Henan |
| 18 | 何 | 1.060% | 1400.00 | Sichuan |
| 19 | 高 | 1.000% | 1330.00 | Shandong |
| 20 | 罗 | 0.950% | 1260.00 | Sichuan |
| 21 | 郑 | 0.930% | 1240.00 | Guangdong |
| 22 | 梁 | 0.850% | 1130.00 | Guangdong |
| 23 | 谢 | 0.760% | 1010.00 | Guangdong |
| 24 | 宋 | 0.700% | 932.00 | Shandong |
| 25 | 唐 | 0.690% | 917.00 | Hunan |
| 26 | 许 | 0.660% | 881.00 | Guangdong |
| 27 | 邓 | 0.620% | 821.00 | Guangdong |
| 28 | 冯 | 0.620% | 818.00 | Guangdong |
| 29 | 韩 | 0.610% | 815.00 | Henan |
| 30 | 曹 | 0.600% | 791.00 | Henan |
| 31 | 曾 | 0.580% | 772.00 | Guangdong |
| 32 | 彭 | 0.580% | 766.00 | Hunan |
| 33 | 萧 | 0.560% | 739.00 | Hunan |
| 34 | 蔡 | 0.530% | 701.00 | Guangdong |
| 35 | 潘 | 0.520% | 687.00 | Guangdong |
| 36 | 田 | 0.520% | 685.00 | Henan |
| 37 | 董 | 0.510% | 677.00 | Shandong |
| 38 | 袁 | 0.500% | 667.00 | Sichuan |
| 39 | 于 | 0.480% | 642.00 | Shandong |
| 40 | 余 | 0.480% | 633.00 | Hubei |
| 41 | 叶 | 0.480% | 632.00 | Guangdong |
| 42 | 蒋 | 0.480% | 632.00 | Sichuan |
| 43 | 杜 | 0.470% | 619.00 | Henan |
| 44 | 苏 | 0.460% | 606.00 | Guangdong |
| 45 | 魏 | 0.450% | 603.00 | Henan |
| 46 | 程 | 0.450% | 601.00 | Anhui |
| 47 | 吕 | 0.450% | 596.00 | Shandong |
| 48 | 丁 | 0.430% | 576.00 | Jiangsu |
| 49 | 沈 | 0.410% | 550.00 | Jiangsu |
| 50 | 任 | 0.410% | 547.00 | Henan |
| 51 | 姚 | 0.400% | 538.00 | Jiangsu |
| 52 | 卢 | 0.400% | 536.00 | Guangdong |
| 53 | 傅 | 0.400% | 536.00 | Henan |
| 54 | 钟 | 0.400% | 533.00 | Guangdong |
| 55 | 姜 | 0.390% | 523.00 | Shandong |
| 56 | 崔 | 0.380% | 509.00 | Shandong |
| 57 | 谭 | 0.380% | 499.00 | Hunan |
| 58 | 廖 | 0.370% | 487.00 | Guangdong |
| 59 | 范 | 0.360% | 485.00 | Henan |
| 60 | 汪 | 0.360% | 483.00 | Anhui |
| 61 | 陆 | 0.360% | 480.00 | Guangxi |
| 62 | 金 | 0.350% | 467.00 | Zhejiang |
| 63 | 石 | 0.340% | 455.00 | Henan |
| 64 | 戴 | 0.340% | 449.00 | Jiangsu |
| 65 | 贾 | 0.330% | 439.00 | Henan |
| 66 | 韦 | 0.320% | 430.00 | Guangxi |
| 67 | 夏 | 0.320% | 426.00 | Jiangsu |
| 68 | 邱 | 0.320% | 423.00 | Guangdong |
| 69 | 方 | 0.310% | 413.00 | Anhui |
| 70 | 侯 | 0.300% | 401.00 | Henan |
| 71 | 邹 | 0.300% | 394.00 | Jiangxi |
| 72 | 熊 | 0.290% | 384.00 | Jiangxi |
| 73 | 孟 | 0.290% | 383.00 | Shandong |
| 74 | 秦 | 0.290% | 379.00 | Henan |
| 75 | 白 | 0.280% | 374.00 | Hebei |
| 76 | 江 | 0.280% | 369.00 | Guangdong |
| 77 | 阎 | 0.270% | 360.00 | Henan |
| 78 | 薛 | 0.260% | 347.00 | Jiangsu |
| 79 | 尹 | 0.260% | 346.00 | Hunan |
| 80 | 段 | 0.240% | 320.00 | Henan |
| 81 | 雷 | 0.240% | 319.00 | Sichuan |
| 82 | 黎 | 0.220% | 288.00 | Guangdong |
| 83 | 史 | 0.210% | 285.00 | Henan |
| 84 | 龙 | 0.210% | 281.00 | Hunan |
| 85 | 陶 | 0.210% | 274.00 | Anhui |
| 86 | 贺 | 0.210% | 274.00 | Hunan |
| 87 | 顾 | 0.200% | 272.00 | Jiangsu |
| 88 | 毛 | 0.200% | 264.00 | Zhejiang |
| 89 | 郝 | 0.200% | 264.00 | Hebei |
| 90 | 龚 | 0.200% | 264.00 | Hunan |
| 91 | 邵 | 0.200% | 262.00 | Shandong |
| 92 | 万 | 0.190% | 254.00 | Jiangxi |
| 93 | 钱 | 0.190% | 249.00 | Jiangsu |
| 94 | 严 | 0.190% | 246.00 | Jiangsu |
| 95 | 赖 | 0.180% | 240.00 | Guangdong |
| 96 | 覃 | 0.180% | 240.00 | Guangxi |
| 97 | 洪 | 0.180% | 240.00 | Taiwan |
| 98 | 武 | 0.180% | 239.00 | Shanxi |
| 99 | 莫 | 0.180% | 233.00 | Guangxi |
| 100 | 孔 | 0.170% | 231.00 | Shandong |
| 101 | 汤 | 0.170% | 227.00 | Jiangsu |
| 102 | 向 | 0.170% | 226.00 | Hunan |
| 103 | 常 | 0.160% | 218.00 | Henan |
| 104 | 温 | 0.160% | 217.00 | Guangdong |
| 105 | 康 | 0.160% | 211.00 | Hebei |
| 106 | 施 | 0.150% | 206.00 | Jiangsu |
| 107 | 文 | 0.150% | 204.00 | Sichuan |
| 108 | 牛 | 0.150% | 202.00 | Henan |
| 109 | 樊 | 0.150% | 200.00 | Henan |
| 110 | 葛 | 0.150% | 195.00 | Jiangsu |
| 111 | 邢 | 0.140% | 192.00 | Shandong |
| 112 | 安 | 0.130% | 179.00 | Hebei |
| 113 | 齐 | 0.130% | 176.00 | Hebei |
| 114 | 易 | 0.130% | 175.00 | Hunan |
| 115 | 乔 | 0.130% | 173.00 | Henan |
| 116 | 伍 | 0.130% | 171.00 | Guangdong |
| 117 | 庞 | 0.130% | 167.00 | Guangxi |
| 118 | 颜 | 0.120% | 164.00 | Hunan |
| 119 | 倪 | 0.120% | 163.00 | Jiangsu |
| 120 | 庄 | 0.120% | 162.00 | Guangdong |
| 121 | 聂 | 0.120% | 159.00 | Jiangxi |
| 122 | 章 | 0.120% | 157.00 | Zhejiang |
| 123 | 鲁 | 0.110% | 151.00 | Henan |
| 124 | 岳 | 0.110% | 149.00 | Henan |
| 125 | 翟 | 0.110% | 149.00 | Henan |
| 126 | 殷 | 0.110% | 147.00 | Jiangsu |
| 127 | 詹 | 0.110% | 147.00 | Guangdong |
| 128 | 申 | 0.110% | 147.00 | Henan |
| 129 | 欧 | 0.110% | 146.00 | Guangdong |
| 130 | 耿 | 0.110% | 140.00 | Henan |
| 131 | 关 | 0.100% | 137.00 | Guangdong |
| 132 | 兰 | 0.100% | 134.00 | Sichuan |
| 133 | 焦 | 0.100% | 133.00 | Henan |
| 134 | 俞 | 0.100% | 132.00 | Zhejiang |
| 135 | 左 | 0.100% | 131.00 | Henan |
| 136 | 柳 | 0.100% | 129.00 | Hubei |
| 137 | 甘 | 0.095% | 126.00 | Guangxi |
| 138 | 祝 | 0.090% | 120.00 | Zhejiang |
| 139 | 包 | 0.087% | 115.00 | Inner Mongolia |
| 140 | 宁 | 0.083% | 110.00 | Guangxi |
| 141 | 尚 | 0.082% | 109.00 | Henan |
| 142 | 符 | 0.082% | 109.00 | Hainan |
| 143 | 舒 | 0.082% | 109.00 | Hunan |
| 144 | 阮 | 0.082% | 109.00 | Guangdong |
| 145 | 柯 | 0.080% | 106.00 | Hubei |
| 146 | 纪 | 0.080% | 106.00 | Shandong |
| 147 | 梅 | 0.079% | 105.00 | Hubei |
| 148 | 童 | 0.079% | 105.00 | Zhejiang |
| 149 | 凌 | 0.078% | 103.00 | Guangdong |
| 150 | 毕 | 0.078% | 103.00 | Shandong |
| 151 | 单 | 0.076% | 101.00 | Jiangsu |
| 152 | 季 | 0.076% | 101.00 | Jiangsu |
| 153 | 裴 | 0.076% | 100.00 | Henan |
| 154 | 霍 | 0.075% | 100.00 | Hebei |
| 155 | 涂 | 0.075% | 100.00 | Jiangxi |
| 156 | 成 | 0.075% | 100.00 | Jiangsu |
| 157 | 苗 | 0.075% | 100.00 | Henan |
| 158 | 谷 | 0.075% | 99.00 | Henan |
| 159 | 盛 | 0.074% | 98.00 | Anhui |
| 160 | 曲 | 0.074% | 98.00 | Shandong |
| 161 | 翁 | 0.073% | 97.00 | Fujian |
| 162 | 冉 | 0.073% | 97.00 | Chongqing |
| 163 | 骆 | 0.073% | 96.00 | Guangdong |
| 164 | 蓝 | 0.072% | 96.00 | Guangxi |
| 165 | 路 | 0.072% | 95.00 | Henan |
| 166 | 游 | 0.071% | 94.00 | Fujian |
| 167 | 辛 | 0.070% | 92.00 | Shandong |
| 168 | 靳 | 0.069% | 92.00 | Henan |
| 169 | 欧阳 | 0.068% | 91.00 | Hunan |
| 170 | 管 | 0.065% | 87.00 | Shandong |
| 171 | 柴 | 0.065% | 86.00 | Henan |
| 172 | 蒙 | 0.062% | 83.00 | Guangxi |
| 173 | 鲍 | 0.062% | 82.00 | Anhui |
| 174 | 华 | 0.061% | 82.00 | Jiangsu |
| 175 | 喻 | 0.061% | 81.00 | Hunan |
| 176 | 祁 | 0.061% | 80.00 | Jiangsu |
| 177 | 蒲 | 0.056% | 75.00 | Sichuan |
| 178 | 房 | 0.056% | 75.00 | Shandong |
| 179 | 滕 | 0.055% | 74.00 | Shandong |
| 180 | 屈 | 0.055% | 73.00 | Shaanxi |
| 181 | 饶 | 0.055% | 73.00 | Jiangxi |
| 182 | 解 | 0.053% | 71.00 | Shandong |
| 183 | 牟 | 0.053% | 70.00 | Sichuan |
| 184 | 艾 | 0.052% | 69.00 | Hubei |
| 185 | 尤 | 0.052% | 68.00 | Jiangsu |
| 186 | 阳 | 0.050% | 67.00 | Hunan |
| 187 | 时 | 0.050% | 67.00 | Henan |
| 188 | 穆 | 0.048% | 64.00 | Guizhou |
| 189 | 农 | 0.047% | 62.00 | Guangxi |
| 190 | 司 | 0.044% | 59.00 | Henan |
| 191 | 卓 | 0.043% | 58.00 | Guangdong |
| 192 | 古 | 0.043% | 58.00 | Guangdong |
| 193 | 吉 | 0.043% | 58.00 | Jiangsu |
| 194 | 缪 | 0.043% | 57.00 | Jiangsu |
| 195 | 简 | 0.043% | 57.00 | Taiwan |
| 196 | 车 | 0.043% | 57.00 | Shandong |
| 197 | 项 | 0.043% | 57.00 | Zhejiang |
| 198 | 连 | 0.043% | 57.00 | Fujian |
| 199 | 芦 | 0.042% | 57.00 | Henan |
| 200 | 麦 | 0.041% | 55.00 | Guangdong |
| 201 | 褚 | 0.041% | 54.00 | Shandong |
| 202 | 娄 | 0.040% | 53.00 | Henan |
| 203 | 窦 | 0.040% | 53.00 | Shandong |
| 204 | 戚 | 0.040% | 53.00 | Jiangsu |
| 205 | 岑 | 0.039% | 52.00 | Guangxi |
| 206 | 景 | 0.039% | 52.00 | Shanxi |
| 207 | 党 | 0.039% | 52.00 | Shaanxi |
| 208 | 宫 | 0.039% | 52.00 | Shandong |
| 209 | 费 | 0.039% | 51.00 | Jiangsu |
| 210 | 卜 | 0.038% | 51.00 | Jiangsu |
| 211 | 冷 | 0.038% | 50.00 | Sichuan |
| 212 | 晏 | 0.038% | 50.00 | Jiangxi |
| 213 | 席 | 0.036% | 48.00 | Henan |
| 214 | 卫 | 0.036% | 48.00 | Shanxi |
| 215 | 米 | 0.035% | 46.00 | Hebei |
| 216 | 柏 | 0.035% | 46.00 | Jiangsu |
| 217 | 宗 | 0.034% | 45.00 | Jiangsu |
| 218 | 瞿 | 0.033% | 44.00 | Hunan |
| 219 | 桂 | 0.033% | 44.00 | Anhui |
| 220 | 全 | 0.033% | 44.00 | Hunan |
| 221 | 佟 | 0.033% | 43.00 | Liaoning |
| 222 | 应 | 0.033% | 43.00 | Zhejiang |
| 223 | 臧 | 0.032% | 43.00 | Shandong |
| 224 | 闵 | 0.032% | 43.00 | Hubei |
| 225 | 苟 | 0.032% | 43.00 | Sichuan |
| 226 | 邬 | 0.032% | 42.00 | Zhejiang |
| 227 | 边 | 0.032% | 42.00 | Hebei |
| 228 | 卞 | 0.032% | 42.00 | Jiangsu |
| 229 | 姬 | 0.032% | 42.00 | Henan |
| 230 | 师 | 0.031% | 41.00 | Henan |
| 231 | 和 | 0.031% | 41.00 | Yunnan |
| 232 | 仇 | 0.030% | 40.00 | Jiangsu |
| 233 | 栾 | 0.030% | 40.00 | Shandong |
| 234 | 隋 | 0.030% | 40.00 | Shandong |
| 235 | 商 | 0.030% | 39.00 | Shandong |
| 236 | 刁 | 0.030% | 39.00 | Shandong |
| 237 | 沙 | 0.030% | 39.00 | Jiangsu |
| 238 | 荣 | 0.029% | 38.00 | Shandong |
| 239 | 巫 | 0.029% | 38.00 | Guangdong |
| 240 | 寇 | 0.029% | 38.00 | Henan |
| 241 | 桑 | 0.028% | 37.00 | Shandong |
| 242 | 郎 | 0.028% | 37.00 | Hebei |
| 243 | 甄 | 0.027% | 36.00 | Hebei |
| 244 | 丛 | 0.027% | 36.00 | Shandong |
| 245 | 仲 | 0.027% | 35.00 | Jiangsu |
| 246 | 虞 | 0.026% | 35.00 | Zhejiang |
| 247 | 敖 | 0.026% | 35.00 | Guizhou |
| 248 | 巩 | 0.026% | 34.00 | Shandong |
| 249 | 明 | 0.026% | 34.00 | Hubei |
| 250 | 佘 | 0.025% | 34.00 | Hunan |
| 251 | 池 | 0.025% | 34.00 | Fujian |
| 252 | 查 | 0.025% | 33.00 | Anhui |
| 253 | 麻 | 0.025% | 33.00 | Zhejiang |
| 254 | 苑 | 0.025% | 33.00 | Hebei |
| 255 | 迟 | 0.024% | 32.00 | Shandong |
| 256 | 邝 | 0.024% | 32.00 | Guangdong |
| 257 | 官 | 0.023% | 31.00 | Guangdong |
| 258 | 封 | 0.023% | 31.00 | Jiangsu |
| 259 | 谈 | 0.023% | 31.00 | Jiangsu |
| 260 | 匡 | 0.023% | 30.00 | Hunan |
| 261 | 鞠 | 0.230% | 30.00 | Shandong |
| 262 | 惠 | 0.022% | 29.80 | Shaanxi |
| 263 | 荆 | 0.022% | 28.90 | Shandong |
| 264 | 乐 | 0.022% | 28.80 | Jiangxi |
| 265 | 冀 | 0.021% | 28.50 | Hebei |
| 266 | 郁 | 0.021% | 28.50 | Jiangsu |
| 267 | 胥 | 0.021% | 28.50 | Sichuan |
| 268 | 南 | 0.021% | 27.70 | Shaanxi |
| 269 | 班 | 0.021% | 27.30 | Guangxi |
| 270 | 储 | 0.021% | 27.20 | Anhui |
| 271 | 原 | 0.020% | 27.00 | Shanxi |
| 272 | 栗 | 0.020% | 26.60 | Henan |
| 273 | 燕 | 0.020% | 26.40 | Shandong |
| 274 | 楚 | 0.020% | 26.30 | Henan |
| 275 | 鄢 | 0.020% | 26.30 | Hubei |
| 276 | 劳 | 0.019% | 25.90 | Guangxi |
| 277 | 谌 | 0.019% | 24.80 | Hunan |
| 278 | 奚 | 0.017% | 23.10 | Jiangsu |
| 279 | 皮 | 0.017% | 22.90 | Hunan |
| 280 | 粟 | 0.017% | 22.80 | Hunan |
| 281 | 冼 | 0.017% | 22.80 | Guangdong |
| 282 | 蔺 | 0.017% | 22.80 | Shandong |
| 283 | 楼 | 0.017% | 22.80 | Zhejiang |
| 284 | 盘 | 0.017% | 22.50 | Guangxi |
| 285 | 满 | 0.016% | 21.90 | Shandong |
| 286 | 闻 | 0.016% | 21.70 | Anhui |
| 287 | 位 | 0.016% | 20.80 | Henan |
| 289 | 厉 | 0.016% | 20.60 | Zhejiang |
| 289 | 伊 | 0.016% | 20.60 | Shandong |
| 290 | 仝 | 0.015% | 20.00 | Henan |
| 291 | 区 | 0.015% | 19.90 | Guangdong |
| 292 | 郜 | 0.015% | 19.80 | Henan |
| 293 | 海 | 0.015% | 19.70 | Ningxia |
| 294 | 阚 | 0.015% | 19.60 | Anhui |
| 295 | 花 | 0.015% | 19.50 | Jiangsu |
| 296 | 权 | 0.014% | 19.10 | Shaanxi |
| 297 | 强 | 0.014% | 19.00 | Shaanxi |
| 298 | 帅 | 0.014% | 19.00 | Sichuan |
| 299 | 屠 | 0.014% | 18.90 | Zhejiang |
| 300 | 豆 | 0.014% | 18.80 | Henan |
| 301 | 朴 | 0.014% | 18.70 | Jilin |
| 302 | 盖 | 0.014% | 18.60 | Shandong |
| 303 | 练 | 0.014% | 18.50 | Guangdong |
| 304 | 廉 | 0.014% | 18.40 | Henan |
| 305 | 禹 | 0.014% | 18.20 | Henan |
| 306 | 井 | 0.013% | 17.90 | Shandong |
| 307 | 祖 | 0.013% | 17.70 | Hebei |
| 308 | 漆 | 0.013% | 17.70 | Sichuan |
| 309 | 巴 | 0.013% | 17.70 | Inner Mongolia |
| 310 | 丰 | 0.013% | 17.60 | Shandong |
| 311 | 支 | 0.013% | 17.30 | Jiangsu |
| 312 | 卿 | 0.013% | 17.20 | Sichuan |
| 313 | 国 | 0.013% | 17.10 | Shandong |
| 314 | 狄 | 0.013% | 16.80 | Jiangsu |
| 315 | 平 | 0.013% | 16.60 | Henan |
| 316 | 计 | 0.012% | 16.50 | Anhui |
| 317 | 索 | 0.012% | 16.50 | Henan |
| 318 | 宣 | 0.012% | 16.40 | Zhejiang |
| 319 | 晋 | 0.012% | 16.20 | Henan |
| 320 | 相 | 0.012% | 16.20 | Shandong |
| 321 | 初 | 0.012% | 15.90 | Shandong |
| 322 | 门 | 0.012% | 15.90 | Shandong |
| 323 | 雲 | 0.012% | 15.60 | Inner Mongolia |
| 324 | 容 | 0.012% | 15.40 | Guangdong |
| 325 | 敬 | 0.011% | 15.0 | Sichuan |
| 326 | 来 | 0.011% | 14.80 | Zhejiang |
| 327 | 扈 | 0.011% | 14.70 | Henan |
| 328 | 晁 | 0.011% | 14.60 | Henan |
| 329 | 芮 | 0.011% | 14.60 | Jiangsu |
| 330 | 都 | 0.011% | 14.60 | Shandong |
| 331 | 普 | 0.011% | 14.50 | Yunnan |
| 332 | 阙 | 0.011% | 14.50 | Fujian |
| 333 | 浦 | 0.011% | 14.40 | Jiangsu |
| 334 | 戈 | 0.011% | 14.40 | Jiangsu |
| 335 | 伏 | 0.011% | 14.30 | Sichuan |
| 336 | 鹿 | 0.011% | 14.00 | Shandong |
| 337 | 薄 | 0.011% | 14.00 | Shandong |
| 338 | 邸 | 0.011% | 13.90 | Hebei |
| 339 | 雍 | 0.010% | 13.90 | Sichuan |
| 340 | 辜 | 0.010% | 13.80 | Sichuan |
| 341 | 羊 | 0.010% | 13.60 | Hainan |
| 342 | 阿 | 0.010% | 13.60 | Inner Mongolia |
| 343 | 乌 | 0.010% | 13.50 | Inner Mongolia |
| 344 | 母 | 0.010% | 13.50 | Sichuan |
| 345 | 裘 | 0.010% | 13.40 | Zhejiang |
| 346 | 亓 | 0.010% | 13.40 | Shandong |
| 347 | 修 | 0.010% | 13.30 | Shandong |
| 348 | 邰 | 0.010% | 13.00 | Guizhou |
| 349 | 赫 | 0.010% | 12.80 | Liaoning |
| 350 | 杭 | 0.010% | 12.80 | Jiangsu |
| 351 | 况 | 0.0094% | 12.40 | Chongqing |
| 352 | 那 | 0.0093% | 12.40 | Inner Mongolia |
| 353 | 宿 | 0.0093% | 12.30 | Shandong |
| 354 | 鲜 | 0.0092% | 12.20 | Sichuan |
| 355 | 印 | 0.0091% | 12.10 | Jiangsu |
| 356 | 逯 | 0.0091% | 12.10 | Shandong |
| 357 | 隆 | 0.0090% | 12.00 | Hunan |
| 358 | 茹 | 0.0090% | 11.90 | Henan |
| 359 | 诸 | 0.0089% | 11.80 | Zhejiang |
| 360 | 战 | 0.0088% | 11.70 | Shandong |
| 361 | 慕 | 0.0086% | 11.50 | Gansu |
| 362 | 危 | 0.0084% | 11.20 | Jiangxi |
| 363 | 玉 | 0.0084% | 11.20 | Guangxi |
| 364 | 银 | 0.0084% | 11.10 | Guangxi |
| 365 | 亢 | 0.0083% | 11.00 | Henan |
| 366 | 嵇 | 0.0082% | 10.90 | Jiangsu |
| 367 | 公 | 0.0082% | 10.90 | Shandong |
| 368 | 哈 | 0.0081% | 10.70 | Inner Mongolia |
| 369 | 湛 | 0.0079% | 10.50 | Hunan |
| 370 | 宾 | 0.0077% | 10.20 | Guangxi |
| 371 | 戎 | 0.0076% | 10.10 | Jiangsu |
| 372 | 勾 | 0.0076% | 10.10 | Sichuan |
| 373 | 茅 | 0.0076% | 10.10 | Jiangsu |
| 374 | 利 | 0.0076% | 10.00 | Guangdong |
| 375 | 於 | 0.0074% | 9.90 | Jiangsu |
| 376 | 呼 | 0.0074% | 9.80 | Inner Mongolia |
| 377 | 居 | 0.0074% | 9.80 | Jiangsu |
| 378 | 揭 | 0.0073% | 9.60 | Jiangxi |
| 379 | 干 | 0.0072% | 9.60 | Zhejiang |
| 380 | 但 | 0.0072% | 9.50 | Sichuan |
| 381 | 尉 | 0.0071% | 9.50 | Shanxi |
| 382 | 冶 | 0.0071% | 9.40 | Qinghai |
| 383 | 斯 | 0.0070% | 9.30 | Inner Mongolia |
| 384 | 元 | 0.0069% | 9.20 | Henan |
| 385 | 束 | 0.0068% | 9.10 | Jiangsu |
| 386 | 檀 | 0.0068% | 9.00 | Anhui |
| 387 | 衣 | 0.0067% | 9.00 | Shandong |
| 388 | 信 | 0.0067% | 8.90 | Shandong |
| 389 | 展 | 0.0067% | 8.90 | Shandong |
| 390 | 阴 | 0.0067% | 8.90 | Shanxi |
| 391 | 昝 | 0.0066% | 8.70 | Sichuan |
| 392 | 智 | 0.0065% | 8.70 | Henan |
| 393 | 幸 | 0.0065% | 8.60 | Chongqing |
| 394 | 奉 | 0.0064% | 8.50 | Hunan |
| 395 | 植 | 0.0064% | 8.50 | Guangdong |
| 396 | 衡 | 0.0063% | 8.40 | Jiangsu |
| 397 | 富 | 0.0063% | 8.40 | Liaoning |
| 398 | 尧 | 0.0060% | 8.00 | Jiangxi |
| 399 | 闭 | 0.0060% | 8.00 | Guangxi |
| 400 | 由 | 0.0060% | 8.00 | Shandong |
Taiwan
[edit]
According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior's Department of Population in 2016, Taiwan has only 1,503 surnames.[6] The top ten surnames in Taiwan accounted for 52.77% of the general population, and the top 100 accounted for 96.56%.
| Rank | Character | Romanizations | % of total pop. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Min Nan | Hakka | Cantonese | |||||||||||
| 2016 | Trad. | Simp. | Wade | Pinyin | POJ | Other | PFS | Other | Jyutping | HK | Other | |||
| 1 | 陳 | 陈 | Ch'en2 | Chén | Tân | Tan | Chin | Thin | Can4 | Chan | Chin | 11.14% | ||
| 2 | 林 | Lin2 | Lín | Lîm | Lim Liem |
Lim | Lim | Lam4 | Lam | Lum | 8.31% | |||
| 3 | 黃 | 黄 | Huang2 | Huáng | Ng | Eng Ung Uy Wee |
Vòng | Wong Bong |
Wong4 | Wong | Wang Vang Wung |
6.05% | ||
| 4 | 張 | 张 | Chang1 | Zhāng | Tiuⁿ | Teo Teoh Thio Tiew |
Chông | Chong | Zoeng1 | Cheung | Chong Cheong |
5.27% | ||
| 5 | 李 | Li3 | Lǐ | Lí | Lee Dee |
Lí | Lee | Lei5 | Lee Li |
Lei Ly |
5.13% | |||
| 6 | 王 | Wang2 | Wáng | Ông | Heng Bong |
Vòng | Wong | Wong4 | Wong | Vang Wung | 4.11% | |||
| 7 | 吳 | 吴 | Wu2 | Wú | Gô͘ Ngô͘ |
Goh Gouw |
Ǹg | Ng | Ng4 | Ng | Ung Eng |
4.04% | ||
| 8 | 劉 | 刘 | Liu2 | Liú | Lâu | Lao | Liù | Liew | Lau4 | Lau | Lao | 3.16% | ||
| 9 | 蔡 | Ts'ai4 | Cài | Chhoà | Chua Choa Tjoa |
Chhai | Chai Choi |
Coi3 | Choi | Choy Tsoi Toy |
2.91% | |||
| 10 | 楊 | 杨 | Yang2 | Yáng | Iûⁿ | Eaw Joe Nyo Yong |
Yòng | Yong Yeong |
Joeng4 | Yeung | Yeong Ieong |
2.66% | ||
| 11 | 許 | 许 | Hsü3 | Xǔ | Khó͘ | Ko Koh |
Hi | Hee | Heoi2 | Hui | Hoi | — | ||
| 12 | 鄭 | 郑 | Cheng4 | Zhèng | Tīⁿ Tēⁿ |
Teh | Chhang | Chang | Zeng6 | Cheng | Cheang Chiang |
— | ||
| 13 | 謝 | 谢 | Hsieh4 | Xiè | Chiā Siā |
Cheah Seah |
Tshia | Cheah | Ze6 | Tse | Che | — | ||
| 14 | 洪 | Hung2 | Hóng | Âng Hông |
Ang Hong |
Fùng | Fung | Hung4 | Hung | Huhng | — | |||
| 15 | 郭 | Kuo1 | Guō | Koeh | Kueh | Kwok | Kok | Gwok3 | Kwok | Kuok | — | |||
| 16 | 邱 | Ch'iu1 | Qiū | Khu | Khoo Kho |
Hiû Khiû |
Hew Khew |
Jau1 | Yau | Iao Iau |
— | |||
| 17 | 曾 | Tseng1 | Zēng | Chan | Tsên | Chen | Zang1 | Tsang | Chang Dong |
— | ||||
| 18 | 廖 | Liao4 | Liào | Liāu | Leow Liow |
Liau | Lieu | Liu6 | Liu | Lew Leow Lio |
— | |||
| 19 | 賴 | 赖 | Lai4 | Lài | Lōa | Nai | Lài | Laai6 | Lay | Lai | — | |||
| 20 | 徐 | Hsü2 | Xú | Chhî | Chee Jee Ji |
Chhì | Chi | Ceoi4 | Tsui | Choi Chui Tsua |
— | |||
| 21 | 周 | Chou1 | Zhōu | Chiu | Chew | Chiû | Cher Chiew |
Zau1 | Chow Chau |
Jao Chao |
— | |||
| 22 | 葉 | 叶 | Yeh4 | Yè | Ia̍p | Yap | Yap | Jip6 | Yip | Ip Yeap |
— | |||
| 23 | 蘇 | 苏 | Su1 | Sū | So͘ | Soh | Sû | Soo | Sou1 | So | Sou | — | ||
| 24 | 莊 | 庄 | Chuang1 | Zhuāng | Chong | Cheng | Chông | Zong | Zong1 | Tsong | Chong Jong |
— | ||
| 25 | 呂 | 吕 | Lü3 | Lǚ | Lū Lī Līr |
Lee Leu Loo |
Lî | Lee | Leoi5 | Lui | Loi | — | ||
| 26 | 江 | Chiang1 | Jiāng | Kang | Kông | Kong | Gong1 | Kong | — | |||||
| 27 | 何 | Hê2 Ho2 |
Hé | Hô | Ho Hou |
Hò | Ho | Ho4 | Ho | Hoe | — | |||
| 28 | 蕭 | 萧 | Hsiao1 | Xiāo | Siau Sio |
Seow Siow |
Siâu | Siaw Siew |
Siu1 | Siu Shiu |
Sio | — | ||
| 29 | 羅 | 罗 | Lo2 | Luó | Lô | Lo Law |
Lò | Law Lo Loh |
Lo4 | Lo | Law Loh Lowe Lor |
— | ||
| 30 | 高 | Kao1 | Gāo | Ko | Koh | Kô Kau |
Koo | Gou1 |
Ko | Kou Go |
— | |||
- Other surveys
- 1994–2011: The American researcher Chih-Hao Tsai has compiled unauthoritative annual surveys of the most common surnames on Taiwan[17] based on published lists of all successful applicants taking Taiwan's Joint College Entrance Exam.[18] The test was mandatory for college entrance until 2002 and is still quite common, with more than a hundred thousand successful applicants a year and a pass rate for all test takers between 60 and 90%.[18]
Philippines
[edit]Chinese Filipinos whose ancestors came to the Philippines from 1898 onward usually have single syllable Chinese surnames. On the other hand, most who have Chinese ancestors who came to the Philippines prior to 1898 usually have multiple-syllable Chinese surnames such as Gokongwei, Ongpin, Pempengco, Yuchengco, Teehankee, and Yaptinchay among such others. These were originally full Chinese names which were transliterated in Spanish orthography and adopted as surnames.
Common Chinese Filipino surnames are: Tan/Chan (陳/陈), Dy/Dee/Lee/Li (李), Sy/See/Siy/Sze (施), Lim/Lam (林), Chua/Choa/Choi (蔡), Yap/Ip (葉/叶), Co/Ko/Kho (許/许), Ko/Gao/Caw (高), Ho/Haw/Hau/Caw (侯), Cua/Kua/Co/Kho/Ko (柯), Coo/Khoo/Kho/Cu/Kuh (邱), Go/Ngo/Wu (吳/吴), Ong/Wong (王), Ang/Hong/Hung (洪), Lao (劉/刘), Tiu/Cheung (張/张), Yu/Young (楊/杨), Auyong/Awyoung (歐陽/欧阳), Ng/Uy/Wee/Hong/Wong/Huang (黃), Tiu/Chiu/Chio/Chu (趙/赵), Chu/Chiu/Chow (周), King (龔), Chan (曾), Ty/Tee (鄭/郑), Ching/Cheng/Chong (莊/庄), Que/Cue/Kwok (郭), Leong/Liong/Leung (梁), etc.
There are also multiple-syllable Chinese surnames that are Spanish transliterations of Hokkien words. Surnames like Tuazon (Eldest Grandson, 大孫), Dizon (Second Grandson, 二孫), Samson/Sanson (Third Grandson, 三孫), Sison (Fourth Grandson, 四孫), Gozon/Goson/Gozum (Fifth Grandson, 五孫), Lacson (Sixth Grandson, 六孫), Tecson/Tiocson/Teoxon (Seventh Grandson, 德孫/蒂奥森/东阳顺) and Sioson (Eight Grandson, 西奥森) are examples of transliterations of designations that use the Hokkien suffix -son (孫) used as surnames for some Chinese Filipinos who trace their ancestry from Chinese immigrants to the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. The surname "Son/Sun" (孫) is listed in the classic Chinese text Hundred Family Surnames, perhaps shedding light on the Hokkien suffix -son used here as a surname alongside some sort of accompanying enumeration scheme.
| Rank | Name | Character(s) | Total Number
(2020)[19] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tan | 陳 | 123,290 |
| 2 | Dizon | 二孫 | 106,507 |
| 3 | Lim | 林 | 96,874 |
| 4 | Samson | 三孫 | 66,516 |
| 5 | Sison | 四孫 | 57,840 |
| 6 | Chua | 蔡 | 51,380 |
| 7 | Uy | 黃 | 47,832 |
| 8 | Ong | 王 | 39,649 |
| 9 | Yap | 葉 | 37,703 |
| 10 | Go | 吳 | 37,354 |
| 11 | Tuazon | 大孫 | 36,543 |
| 12 | Cinco | 新哥 | 29,718 |
| 13 | Sy | 施 | 28,038 |
| 14 | Yu | 楊 | 27,732 |
| 15 | Sayson | 世孫/西孫 | 26,833 |
| 16 | Quiambao | 鹹賺/欠賺 | 25,555 |
| 17 | Chan | 曾,陳 | 24,835 |
| 18 | Cuizon | 貴孫/歸孫 | 23,732 |
| 19 | Ang | 洪 | 23,341 |
| 20 | Tecson | 德孫 | 22,679 |
Canada
[edit]Statistics Canada has not released a list of common surnames for any of its recent censuses, but much of the Canadian Chinese population is clustered in Metro Vancouver and Greater Victoria in British Columbia and the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area and the Ottawa-Gatineau Area in Ontario, as well as in some emerging major clusters, such as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta, Montreal, and the Communauté métropolitaine de Québec (Quebec Community Metropolitan Area) in Quebec.
Ontario
[edit]A 2010 study by Baiju Shah & al data-mined the Registered Persons Database of Canadian health card recipients in the province of Ontario for a particularly Chinese-Canadian name list. Ignoring potentially non-Chinese spellings such as Lee (49,898 total),[21]: Table 1 they found that the most common Chinese names in Ontario were:[21]
| Rank | Name | Total Number | Character(s) | Romanization | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trad. | Simp. | ||||
| 1 | Wong | 34,567 | 王 | Wáng, Wong | |
| 黃 | 黄 | Huáng, Hwang, Hawang, Whang, Whong | |||
| 汪 | Wāng, Wong, Wung | ||||
| 2 | Chan | 32,692 | 陳 | 陈 | Chan, Chén |
| 3 | Li | 27,608 | 李 | Ly, Lee, Lei, Lǐ | |
| 黎 | Lai, Ly, Lee, Lei, Lí | ||||
| 4 | Chen | 25,618 | 陳 | 陈 | Chan, Chén |
| 5 | Wang | 22,548 | 王 | Wáng, Wong | |
| 汪 | Wāng, Wong | ||||
| 6 | Liu | 18,784 | 劉 | 刘 | Lau, Liew, Liú, Low |
| 廖 | Lau, Lew, Liào, Lieu, Liew, Liu | ||||
| 7 | Zhang | 18,003 | 張 | 张 | Chang, Chong, Chung, Cheung, Teo, Zhāng, Zheung |
| 8 | Lam | 15,910 | 林 | Lam, Lín | |
| 藍 | 蓝 | Lán | |||
| 9 | Leung | 13,696 | 梁 | Leung, Liáng | |
| 10 | Ho | 12,830 | 何 | Hé, Ho | |
| 賀 | 贺 | Hè, Ho | |||
Indonesia
[edit]Nearly as large is the Chinese Indonesian community. The 2010 Indonesian census reported more than 2.8 million self-identified Chinese, or about 1% of the general population.[22] Just as in Thailand, though, previous legislation (in this case, 127/U/Kep/12/1966) had banned ethnic Chinese surnames throughout the country. This law was abolished after the removal of Suharto, but Chinese Indonesian names remain a mix of Indonesian, pinyin, peh-oe-ji, and Dutch-spelled Hokkien.
Malaysia
[edit]During the 2010 Malaysian Census, there were approximately 6,960,000 Malaysians of Chinese ethnicity.[23] The Chinese are the second largest ethnicity in Malaysia, after the Malays.
Singapore
[edit]
| Tan (9.5%) Lim (6.6%) Lee (4.5%) Ng (4.2%) Ong (2.7%) Wong (2.6%) Goh (2.2%) | Chua (2.2%) Chan (1.9%) Koh (1.9%) Teo (1.9%) Ang (1.7%) Yeo (1.5%) Tay (1.4%) | Chong (0.9%) Chia/Seah (0.9%) Other (48.8%) |
Ethnic Chinese make up almost three-fourths (2009) of Singapore's resident population of nearly four million (2011).
2000
[edit]According to Statistics Singapore, as of the year 2000, the most common Chinese Singaporean names were:[24]
- As most Singaporeans of Chinese descent have ancestors which originated from Southern China, mainly from Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan, the distribution of surnames in Singapore is quite different from that of Mainland China.
- As there are a variety of dialect[dubious – discuss] groups in Singapore, the same surname in Chinese characters may be romanised in several different ways in Singapore. Some less common Chinese transcriptions of the 20 most common romanised surnames may not be listed in the table above.
Newer version
[edit]There is a newer list of most common surnames in Singapore from an unknown year.[25] Some numbers are missing as the original list contains several non-Chinese surnames, which have been excluded from the table below.
Thailand
[edit]The largest Chinese diaspora community in the world are the Chinese Thais (or Sino-Thais), who make up 12–14%[26][27] of the total Thai population. However, very few of the Chinese Thais have Chinese surnames, after the 1913 Surname Act that required the adoption of Thai surnames in order to enjoy Thai citizenship. Moreover, the same law requires that those possessing the same surname be related, meaning that immigrant Chinese may not adopt the surname of their clansmen unless they can show actual kinship.
United States
[edit]The 2010 US Census found 3,794,673 self-identified Chinese Americans and 230,382 self-identified Taiwanese Americans,[28] up from 2,734,841 Chinese Americans and 144,795 Taiwanese Americans in 2000.[29]
Although the Chinese make up the largest segment of the U.S. Asian and Pacific Islander population,[30] the most common Chinese-derived surname during the 2000 census was not itself Chinese but the Vietnamese Nguyễn (Chinese: 阮, Ruǎn).[3]
During the 2000 census, the 10 most common Chinese American names were:[note 1]
| Rank | Name | Ethnicity [31] |
Total Number (2000 census; API only) |
Character(s) | Pinyin | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Among API |
Across All Names |
Trad. | Simp. | ||||
| 2 | 24 | Lee | Chinese | 229,200 | 李 | Lǐ | |
| Korean | 黎 | Lí | |||||
| 6 | 262 | Chen | Chinese | 100,700 | 陳 | 陈 | Chén |
| 7 | 279 | Wong | Chinese (Cantonese) |
88,000 | 王 | Wáng | |
| 黃 | 黄 | Huáng | |||||
| 汪 | Wāng | ||||||
| 9 | 399 | Yang | Chinese (Mandarin) |
69,000 | 楊 | 杨 | Yáng |
| 10 | 440 | Wang | Chinese | 63,800 | 王 | Wáng | |
| 汪 | Wāng | ||||||
| 11 | 426 | Chang | Chinese | 62,900 | 張 | 张 | Zhāng |
| 常 | Cháng | ||||||
| 12 | 461 | Chan | Chinese (Cantonese) |
59,800 | 陳 | 陈 | Chén |
| 14 | 521 | Li | Chinese | 55,700 | 李 | Lǐ | |
| 黎 | Lí | ||||||
| 17 | 626 | Lin | Chinese | 47,000 | 林 | Lín | |
| 18 | 652 | Liu | Chinese | 45,500 | 劉 | 刘 | Liú |
| 廖 | Liào | ||||||
- Other surveys
-
- 2002: study by Matthew Falkenstein, data-mining the 2000 US Census for a particularly Asian & Pacific Islander name list,[32] omitting those like Lee that are common among other ethnicities
- 2000: study by Diane Lauderdale, et al., data-mining Social Security card applications by persons born abroad before 1941 for a particularly Chinese-American name list[31]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Other popular Asian & Pacific Islander names are the Vietnamese names Nguyen (#1), Tran (#5), Le (#8), and Pham (#13); the Korean names Kim (#3) and Park (#15); and the Indian names Patel (#4) and Singh (#16).
References
[edit]- ^ "我国汉族公民最长姓名达15字 公安部：起名不规范会有不便" [My Country's Han Citizens' Longest Name Reaches 15 Characters.]. Xinhua Net (in Chinese). 12 December 2007. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- ^ a b Word, David L. & al. "Demographic Aspects of Surnames from Census 2000" Archived 2010-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. 26 June 2001. Accessed 3 February 2012.
- ^ a b c United States Census Bureau. "Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000" Archived 2009-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. 27 September 2011. Accessed 29 March 2012.
- ^ Prest, Kevin. "X三Y四: Similar Chinese Idioms (Chengyu)" Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. 4 March 2011. Accessed 5 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "公安部统计：'王'成中国第一大姓 有9288万人" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine [Public Security Bureau Statistics: 'Wang' Found China's #1 'Big Family', Includes 92.88m People]. 24 April 2007. Accessed 27 March 2012.(in Chinese)
- ^ a b 全國姓名統計分析. Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C. (Taiwan). 2016. ISBN 9789860503043. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017.
- ^ McFarlan, Donald. 1990 Guinness Book of World Records. Sterling Pub. Co., 2001. ISBN 189205101X.
- ^ Beijing News. "一个“张伟”找到29万人" Archived 2007-09-14 at the Wayback Machine [One Name 'Zhang Wei' Covers 290,000 People]. 26 July 2007. Accessed 16 March 2012. (in Chinese)
- ^ "透过《二〇一九年全国姓名报告》，看我国的姓名文化及其发展_名字". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ People's Daily Online. "China issues first set of stamps of Chinese family names" Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine. 19 November 2004. Accessed 28 March 2012.
- ^ 挑灯看剑 踏雪寻梅. "新'百家姓'图腾，快来看看您的尊姓啥模样" Archived 2012-04-01 at Wikiwix [The New Hundred Family Surnames's Totems: Quick, Come Look at Your Honorable Surname's Picture]. 12 December 2011. Accessed 28 March 2012. (in Chinese)
- ^ "公安部发布去年全国姓名报告，"王、李、张"姓排前三" 公安部发布去年全国姓名报告，“王、李、张”姓排前三. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik. "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010" Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. 2009. Accessed 29 March 2012.
- ^ Lafraniere, Sharon (21 April 2009). "Name Not on Our List? Change It, China Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017.
- ^ "人口数据统计". Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ^ Yuan Yida (袁义达), Qiu Jiaru, 邱家儒. 中国四百大姓. Beijing Book Co. Inc., 1 January 2013
- ^ Tsai, Chih-Hao. "Common Chinese Names" Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine. 8 August 2011. Accessed 30 March 2012.
- ^ a b Tsai, Chih-Hao. "A List of Chinese Names" Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. 8 August 2011. Accessed 30 March 2012.
- ^ a b "Philippines Genealogical Resources". Forebears.
- ^ "Philippines Genealogical Resources". Forebears. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016.
- ^ a b Shah, B. R.; Chiu, M.; Amin, S.; Ramani, M.; Sadry, S.; Tu, J. V. (2010). "Surname lists to identify South Asian and Chinese ethnicity from secondary data in Ontario, Canada: A validation study". BMC Medical Research Methodology. 10: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-42. PMC 2877682. PMID 20470433.
- ^ Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. ISBN 9789790644175. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ "Population and Housing Census, Malaysia 2010 (2010 Census)". Malaysia: Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Statistics Singapore. "Popular Chinese Surnames in Singapore".
- ^ "Singaporean Surnames - most common family names from Singapore".
- ^ US State Department. "Background Note: Thailand". 3 January 2012. Accessed 4 April 2012.
- ^ US Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. "Thailand" . 20 March 2012. Accessed 4 April 2012.
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "QT-P8" . Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 2010. Census Summary File 1. 2010. Accessed 3 April 2012.
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "The Asian Population: 2000" Archived 2010-06-01 at the Wayback Machine. February 2002. Accessed 3 April 2012.
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census 2000: Chinese Largest Asian Group in the United States" Archived 2017-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. 4 March 2002. Accessed 29 March 2012.
- ^ a b Lauderdale, Diane S.; et al. (2000). "Asian American ethnic identification by surname" (PDF). Population Research and Policy Review. 19 (3): 283–300. doi:10.1023/A:1026582308352. S2CID 151050659. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2013..
- ^ Falkenstein, Matthew R. "The Asian & Pacific Islander surname list: as developed from Census 2000" Archived 2013-03-07 at the Wayback Machine. Joint Statistical Meetings 2002. (New York), 2002.
External links
[edit]- Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage, hosted at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. (~700 surnames)
- Netor's Ten-Thousand Families (in Chinese)
- 人口排序 Archived 9 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine [China's Surname Population Rankings], lists of the most popular surnames under the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties (in Chinese)
- Top 10 Surnames in Each Chinese Province and City
